An isothere is a line of equal mean summer temperature.An isocheim is a line of equal mean winter temperature.An isogeotherm is a line of equal mean annual temperature. Generally, isotherms representing 5☌ or 10☏ temperature differences are used, but any interval may be chosen. Therefore, all points through which an isotherm passes have the same temperatures at the time indicated. An isotherm (from θεϝμη or thermē, meaning 'heat') is a line that connects points on a map that have the same temperature.The 10☌ mean isotherm in July, marked by the red line, is commonly used to define the Arctic region border An isoheight or isohypse is a line of constant geopotential height on a constant pressure surface chart.An isostere is a line of constant atmospheric density.Isobars are commonly used in television news weather reporting, though more commonly in Europe than in the United States. The distribution of isobars is closely related to the magnitude and direction of the wind field and can be used to predict future weather patterns. In meteorology, the barometric pressures shown are reduced to sea level, not the surface pressures at the map locations. More accurately, isobars are lines drawn on a map joining places of equal average atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level for a specified period of time. An isobar (from βαϝος or baros, meaning 'weight') is a line of equal or constant pressure on a graph, plot, or map an isopleth or contour line of pressure.Ridges are areas where there is little change in pressure over great distances. Troughs are areas of greater variability, signified by many isolines close together. However, if contour lines rotate through three or more widths, or if the lines are numerically labeled, then the direction of the gradient can also be determined from the contour lines. If adjacent contour lines are of the same line width, the direction of the gradient cannot be determined from the contour lines alone. When the lines are close together the length of the gradient is large: the variation is steep. The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour lines. Data used in isarithmic maps are not confined to predefined political or geographic boundaries rather, the data's parameters are as varied as its environment. Contour or isarithmic maps can also be used to show a variety of phenomena such as precipitation, temperature, atmospheric pressure, or solar radiation. The contour interval of a topographic map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines. A common contour map is a topographic map, which uses contour lines to show elevation, from which slope, aspect and other properties can be derived. Isarithmic maps use a set of isolines and/or color fills between them to illustrate a smooth, continuous phenomenon. In general, an isoline is a line along which a variable is held constant. Specific names are most common in meteorology, where multiple maps with different variables may be viewed simultaneously. Isolines are often given specific names beginning "iso-" according to the nature of the variable being mapped, although in many usages the word "contour line" is most commonly used. In 2007, Pictometry was the first to allow users to dynamically generate elevation contour lines to be laid over oblique images. They first appeared in the USA in approximately 1970, largely as a result of national legislation requiring spatial delineation of these parameters. Perhaps the latest to develop were air quality and noise pollution contour maps. When maps with contour lines became common, the idea spread to other applications. Isobaths were not routinely used on nautical charts until those of Russia from 1834, and those of Britain from 1838. īy around 1843, when the Ordnance Survey started to regularly record contour lines in Great Britain and Ireland, they were already in general use in European countries. In 1801, the chief of the Corps of Engineers, Haxo, used contour lines at the larger scale of 1:500 on a plan of his projects for Rocca d'Aufo. Dupain-Triel used contour lines at 20-metre intervals, hachures, spot-heights and a vertical section. The use of such lines to describe a land surface (contour lines) was studied theoretically by Ducarla in 1771, and Charles Hutton used them when calculating the volume of a hill in 1777. The Dutch engineer Nicholas Cruquius drew the bed of the river Merwede with lines of equal depth (isobaths) at intervals of 1 fathom in 1727, and Philippe Buache used them at 10-fathom intervals on a chart of the English Channel that was prepared in 1737 and published in 1752. In 1701, Edmond Halley used such lines (isogons) on a chart of magnetic variation. The idea of lines that join points of equal value was rediscovered several times. 2.6 Thermodynamics, Engineering, and other sciences.2.2 Physical geography and Oceanography.
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